Energy balance — Hyunjoo Park

An energy balance is a country’s energy “wallet” for one year (numbers in ktoe or Mtoe per year). Columns = energy carriers, rows = steps of the value chain (primary energy → conversion → final use).

Three blocks:

Block	Rows	Sign
Supply	Production, Import, Export, Other → TPES (Total Primary Energy Supply)	+ into the wallet, − out
Conversion	Electricity/CHP/Heat plants, refineries, electrolysers, losses	− input taken out, + output put back
Final use	TFC (Total Final Consumption) = what is left; Industry/Transport/Residential/Other = who got it	all + (a breakdown, not new transactions)

Two checks

Column: $\text{TPES} + \sum(\text{conversion rows}) = \text{TFC}$
Sectors: Industry + Transport + Residential + Other = TFC
Unknown cell: use the row total or the column sum (two blanks in a row → use the column)

Row total of a conversion step = output − input

Negative → conversion losses (fossil plants ≈ 50%: waste heat, $\eta_{heat\,engine} = 1 - Q_C/Q_H$ )
Positive → free input not counted in TPES (environmental heat in heat pumps)
Efficiency: $\eta = \frac{E_{out}}{E_{in}}$ (all inputs of that row)

Conventions

Wind/solar/hydro: primary energy = electricity produced (η = 100%)
Environmental heat is not counted in TPES
A Sankey diagram shows the same balance: arrow width = flow (Mtoe/yr)